William Hogarth - The Analysis of Beauty

William Hogarth - Analysis of Beauty - Plate 1.

The Analysis of Beauty was written by the 18th century satirist and painter and published in 1753. In it he presents his ideas of beauty and how to render it in art in a clear manner easily understood by the reader. Wikipedia page.

The Analysis of Beauty -
By William Hogarth, William Chesebrough Ostrander, 1908 edition - Google Books result. View the complete book or download a copy.

Republished edition available at Amazon.com: The Analysis Of Beauty (1908)



Original editions at Amazon.com: The analysis of beauty (written with a view of fixing the fluctuating ideas of Taste)

From the preface to the book:

"In 1745, Hogarth published a frontispiece to his engraved works, in which he drew a serpentine- line lying on a painter's pallet, and placed under it the words, The Line of Beauty. It immediately gave rise to considerable discussion and in response to the frequent requests for an explanation, Hogarth wrote and published The Analysis of Beauty. He felt that his theory found corroboration in the precept of Michael Angelo that a figure should always be made pyramidal, serpent-like and multiplied by one, two and three.

He further refers to the torso of an antique statue, figure 1, plate 6, from which Michael Angelo is said to have discovered this principle which gave to his work a character equal to the best antiques. He quotes from Lamozzo, Du Fresnoy, and others in support of his theory that the greatest grace and life that a picture can have is the motion and spirit imparted by large flowing lines and that no forms express motion so well as those of the flame and the gliding, wavy lines of the serpent. One of the quotations from Lamozzo says:

"The Grecians, in imitation of antiquity, searched out the truly renowned proportion, wherein the exact perfection of most exquisite beauty and sweetness appeareth; dedicating the same in a triangular glass unto Venus the goddess of divine beauty, from whence all the beauty of inferior things is derived."

Hogarth comments as follows: "If we suppose this passage to be authentic, may we not also imagine it probable, that the symbol in the triangular glass might be similar to the line Michael Angelo recommended; especially, if it can be proved, that the triangular form of the glass, and the serpentine line itself, are the two most expressive figures that can be thought of to signify not only beauty and grace, but the whole order of form." See figure on back of frontispiece."


A copy for sale at Art of the Print.


The Analysis of Beauty (Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in Britis)



Engravings by Hogarth



Hogarth: A Life and a World



Hogarth: The Artist and the City

The Art Student's Guide to the Bones and Muscles of the Human Body: and Lessons on Foreshortening

The Art Student's Guide to the Bones and Muscles of the Human Body and Lessons on Foreshortening is available as a download from Figure-Drawings.com, and as a printed book from Amazon.com.

Johann Gottfried Schadow was a talented neo-classical sculptor working in Berlin in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He is famous for the quadriga on the Brandenburger Tor and the bust of Friederike von Preußen.


He became director of the Royal Academy of Art in Berlin in 1816 and this book is his first work dedicated to the instruction of his students in the basic anatomy of the human body. He used the prints of Albinus as a starting point and developed clear images of the bone structure and the muscular structure of the human body so that artists and sculptors would have a firm footing as they pursued their craft.

To these plates he added three plates on human proportions, a comparison of heads of youth and adult and old age, and a comparison of male and female, a second plate of typical proportions of the human form, and a third on the proportions of ideal form using classical Greek sculpture as the examples.


A third section is a careful analysis of the human head seen from various angles using the techniques of Albrecht Dürer, Jean Cousin and Johann Preissler.

The book was a revelation to students when first published in 1830, was still in use enough to be republished in 1892 and I think today's students of the human form will find it newly valuable for today's art and new media.


Human skeleton from the book.
Muscles of the head from the book.










Muscles of the body from the book.


















Heads by Albrecht Dürer and Jean Cousin.




He expanded on the plates on proportion and added 27 more plates to make his second book for students titled in English The Sculptor and Art Student's Guide to the Proportions of the Human Form or in the original German, Atlas Zu Polyclet Oder Von Den Maassen Des Menschen Nach Dem Geschlechte Und Alter.

Books at Amazon.com:

The Art Student's Guide to the Bones and Muscles of the Human Body: and Lessons on Foreshortening

The Art Student's Guide To The Proportions Of The Human Form

Kunstwerke und Kunstansichten: Ein Quellenwerk zur Berliner Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte zwischen 1780-1845 (German Edition)



An example of the classical sculpture the Venus de Medici and Dr. Schadows analysis of it.






This last image is that of a student working in the atelier of Dr. Schadow drawn by the student Emil Bendeman, in 1836.






Related posts:

The Sculptor and Art Student's Guide to the Proportions of the Human Form

Johann Gottfried Schadow - Die Zeichnungen

The Art Student's Guide to the Proportions of the Human Form

Related Books:

Albinus on Anatomy



Anatomical Plates Of The Bones And Muscles: Diminished From Albinus, For The Use Of Students In Anatomy, And Artists : Accompanied By Explanatory Maps



Anatomical Plates Of The Bones And Muscles: Diminished From Albinus For The Use Of Students In Anatomy And Artists (1807)


The Anatomical Plates of Pietro da Cortona 27 Baroque Masterpieces

Female Figure Paintings by Albert von Keller

An exhibit of the works of the Munich Secessionist painter Albert von Keller is at the Kunsthaus, Zurich until October 2009. He exemplified the Belle Epoque in Europe.
Salons, Seancen, Secession und Fin de Siecle.

He first exhibited in 1870, painted interiors and society and was interested in spiritualism and hypnotism. He was socially successful. The art critc Fritz Ortini wrote he saw "the new and beautiful women," in the journal "Jugend," liberated from the constraints of the 1890s.

Albert von Keller. Salons, Séancen, Secession.




















Books:


Albert von Keller: Salons, Seancen, Secession (German Edition) - Exhibition Catalog,
(216 pages, 104 color plates, 60 color illustrations, 24 black and white).

Albert Von Keller

Albert von Keller: Das Ambiente des Malers (German Edition)

Albert von Keller: 1844 Gais/Schweiz-1920 Munchen (German Edition)

Albert von Keller: Seine Zeichnungen (German Edition)


Bohemiens und Belle Epoque: Als Munchen leuchtete (German Edition)




Jugend
the magazine, wikipedia article and a website devoted to the magazine.

The first cover is by Heinrich Kley, more drawings by Heinrich Kley.

Antique Medical Anatomy Book

A series of prints from a 1750 medical anatomy book including, studies of the head, the human skeleton back view, human skeleton front view, human muscles, muscles of the leg, muscles of the arm, bones of the hand and bones of the foot, phrenology, a character study of a human resembling a bird, a character study of a human resembling a dog, a character study of a human resembling a pig, a character study of a human resembling an owl, studies of religious ecstasy and insanity.

Unfortunately I don't know anything about the book from which they came except for the date of 1750.










These prints are on sale on on Ebay.com.











Physiognomy and the Meaning of Expression in Nineteenth-Century Culture (Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture)


Physiognomy In Profile: Lavater's Impact On European Culture



Visages et caracteres: etudes de physiognomie


Anatomy of the Human Body the XIIth edition.

Anatomie des menschlichen Körpers.


The Science of Art: Optical Themes in Western Art from Brunelleschi to Seurat

Donald Cochran - Student Figure Drawings

Donald Cochran was a Pennsylvania Architect born in 1897. These are examples of student figure drawings from 1920 and 1921 generally.

He attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Architecture. He graduated in 1921 after a break in his studies when he served in the U.S. Navy in World War I. These drawings must have been from an art class during his last two years.







































These drawings are on sale on on Ebay.com.

For another look at figure drawing in schools in the early twentieth century see How to Draw the Human Figure - The Figure Drawings of Grace A. Young.







Lessons on Figure Drawing (Dover Books on Art Instruction)


Anatomy and Perspective: The Fundamentals of Figure Drawing (Dover Books on Art Instruction, Anatomy)


How To Draw The Human Figure: The Drawings Of Grace Young

How to Draw the Head and Figure - Manikins for Drawing

I was asked where to get a model head like that shown in the e-book The Life in Figure Drawing. It turns out there is a new product made by a sculptor called the Facial Feature Model.
Go to Blick Art Materials and search for "Facial Feature Model" in the search box. It comes in 5 ethnic varieties: Europe/England, Asia/China, Africa/Cameroon, Asia/India and South America/Columbia.

Also useful might be makeup manikin heads:Diane Manikin Head * Alicia * 16, or Celebrity Mr. Sam Manikin 19
















And, if you are interested there are the regular artist's manikins: Art Alternatives 12 inch Male Manikin, plus this hand manikin: Wooden Hand Manikin- Adult Right Hand and these inexpensive 4-1/2 Inch Wood Artists Manikins.





There is also this manikin specifically for drawing Manga or Anime: Obitsu Manga & Anime Figure- Female.



Obitsu Manga & Anime Manikin and Figure- Female (Large Bust).


Obitsu Male Anime & Manga Figure and Manikin

Antique Anatomy Book by Thomas Bartholin

Engravings from Anatomia, Ex Caspari Bartholini Parentis Institutionibus, Omniumque Recentiorum & Propriis Observationibus Tertium ad Sanguinis Circulationem Reformata, by Thomas Bartholin, published in 1666.

This book is one Bartholin had been working on since 1641 to update his father's classic work with new discoveries.

Bartholin was a Dutch Anatomist who discovered the lymphatic system. Wikipedia Article.







Thomas Bartholin's engravings at Ebay.com.

Anatomia, Ex Caspari Bartholini Parentis Institutionibus, Omniumque Recentiorum & Propriis Observationibus Tertium ad Sanguinis Circulationem Reformata. at Amazon.com.


Partial biography from History and bibliography of anatomic illustration in its relation to anatomic science and the graphic arts
By Ludwig Choulant, Mortimer Frank, Fielding Hudson Garrison, Edward Clark Streeter
Published by The University of Chicago press, 1852

THOMAS BARTHOLINUS

Thomas Bartholinus, born at Copenhagen, October 20, 1616, was the son of the Danish anatomist Caspar Bartholinus senior and studied in Copenhagen. From 1637 on, he traveled through Holland, visited Paris and Montpellier, then Padua, where he remained three years, and after this Italy, Sicily, and Matta. In 1645, he received his doctor's degree at Basel. In Copenhagen, he first became professor of anatomy, which position he held until he retired in 1661 to live on his country estate, Hagested. In 1670, Hagested, with his library and his manuscripts, was destroyed by fire. He died on December 4, 1680. Having a broad education and a good knowledge of the Greek and Arabic languages, and being an ardent student of history and archaeology, he took an active part in the anatomic and physiologic labors and discoveries of his time, particularly in the discovery of the lymphatics. He was also actively interested in pathologic anatomy, and was extraordinarily productive as an author. In line with our present discussion belongs only his very much-used anatomic textbook, in reality, a revision of his father's Institutiones anatomicae (published in Viteberg, 1611, 8°), under the title:

Caspari Bartholini Institutiones anatomicae auctae ab auctoris filio Thoma Bartholino, Lugd. Batav., a pud Franc. Hackium, 1641, 8°.


In a short time, many other editions were published in German. French, Italian, Dutch, and English. Among the Italian was one in verse.

Many illustrations have been added, differing in the various editions, but few of them original. Most of these are after Vesalius, Casserius, Vesling, Bauhin, Ruysch, and others; a great many are taken from monographs, such as Stensen, Regner de Graaf, Franciscus Sylvius, Folius, and from writings on the lymphatics, a branch of anatomic research to which the author's original works especially belong.

The workmanship on the copper engravings is unequal, but for a compendium, is on the whole commendable. The illustrations of the brain by Sylvius appear for the first time in the edition of 1641 drawn by Sylvius himself and engraved by J. Voort-Kamp, whose name is given on three plates.



Anatomy for Artists: A New Approach to Discovering, Learning and Remembering the Body


Human Anatomy for Artists

Ted Withers - Hollywood Pin-up Girls

Pin-up Artist Ted Withers had an interesting way of including a bunch of preliminary sketches in many of his pin-up girl calender pages.










Ted Withers was born in Wellington, New Zealand. He studied at Wellington College, then at the Royal Academy in London and later at the South Kensington School of Art and the Slade School of Art. Withers moved to Paris and the prestigious Académie Julian. (See Jessie Pixley Lacey - Teacher of Figure Drawing for another student of the Académie Julian)






He came to America and Hollywood in 1924. He worked as an art director at MGM Studios, supervisor in the trick and miniature department at Universal Studios, art director for Earnshaw-Young Advertising Agency, and art director for the Sterling Press Lithograph Company.




He started painting pin-ups in 1950. For more of his biography see The Pin-Up Files. For more of his art work see The History of Pin-up Art at all-art.org. Still more art work at Pin-up Classic Ted Withers.



























Ted Withers' pin-ups at Ebay.com.





1000 Pin-Up Girls (25th Anniversary Special Edition)



The Great American Pin-Up



Another Gallery of pin-ups The Great American Pin-up.com.

Figure Drawing Books at Amazon.com

All the books in print are now available at Amazon.com.


The Art Student's Guide to the Proportions of the Human Form
Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.


The Art Student's Guide to the Bones and Muscles of the Human Body and Lessons on Foreshortening Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.


Figure Drawings in Color
Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.










Life Drawing - Croquis de Pierre Lissac
Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.


How to Draw the Human Figure: The Drawings of Grace Young
Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.


Anatomy for Art Students, Painters and Sculptors
Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.









How Harry Cook Learned to Draw
Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.


Traite de Perspective
Or download a copy at Figure-Drawings.com.

Johann Gottfried Schadow - Die Zeichnungen - The Drawings

Johann Gottfried Schadow. Die Zeichnungen


Approximately 2200 drawings make up this extensive survey of the graphic work of Johann Gottfried Schadow who is well known for his sculptures but less well known for his drawings.

The book includes drawings after antique sculpture, animal, nude and motion studies, portraits of his contemporaries, monuments and cartoons.

He was mostly interested in physiognomy and this book includes examples of his studies of the
physique and growth of humans from infant to old man. These works were published in 1834 and 1835 in Polyklet oder von den Massen des Menschen or Polykleitos or Guide to the Proportions of the Human Form and Nationalphysiognomien.

Review of the book with more illustrations: Johann Gottfried Schadow - Die Zeichnungen - Präsentation des soeben erschienenen Werkverzeichnisses mit Vorstellung eines neu erworbenen Schadow-Porträts




The former is available in English translation as an e-book at Figure-Drawings.com or as a printed book at Amazon.com: The Art Student's Guide to the Proportions of the Human Form.








Porträtzeichnung der Königin Luise by Johann Gottfried Schadow.

Friederike Helene Unger by Johann Gottfried Schadow.


Marie Christine Schlegel by Johann Gottfried Schadow.










Johann Gottfried Schadow und die Kunst seiner Zeit (German Edition)

Neoclassicism and Romanticism: Architecture - Sculpture - Painting - Drawings 1750-1848

Wo die Götter wohnen. Johann Gottfried Schadows Weg zur Kunst

Schadow, Sokrates und das Judentum. Johann Gottfried Schadow, Sokrates im Keller

Kunstwerke und Kunstansichten: 3 Bände

Klassiker der Karikatur

Johann Gottfried Schadow (Klassiker der Karikatur) (German Edition)

Muscles of the Human Body

One of sixteen plates of 'Nouvelles tables anatomiques' or 'New Anatomical Tables'. Each plate was drawn by Amé Bourdon (1683-1706), a French physician and anatomist, and engraved by Daniel Le Bossu. From The ScienceMuseum.org.uk.

The double folio was published in 1678. It consists of 16 plates which can be combined to form a complete human figure. This example illustrates 2 combined plates.

Another example from the ScienceMuseum: Print showing adult and child skeletons, Paris, France, 1678.

This description of Bourdon's work comes from The History and bibliography of anatomic illustration in its relation to anatomic science and the graphic arts

By Ludwig Choulant, Mortimer Frank, Fielding Hudson Garrison, Edward Clark Streeter

Published by The University of Chicago press, 1852:

AME BOURDON

Ame Bourdon was born in Cambrai in 1638, became a physician there, and died on December 21, 1706. He published:

Ncuvelles Tables Anatomiques Ou sont représentees au naturel toutes les parties du Corps humain, toutes les nouvelles decouvertes, le cours de toutes les humeurs, etc. On y a joint un petit liure, qui en fait la description et en explique clairement les Vsages avec ordre et en peu de mots. Le tout dessine et compose par Ame Bourdon Medecin. Elles se vendent en blanc et enluminees a Cambray chez l'A uteur, a Paris chez Laurens D'houry, 1678, large tallfolio, 8 plates without text.

These plates were mostly done with the etching needle and the burin, and are for the most part imitations of previous pictures. They are inconvenient for practical use and have no particular anatomic or artistic value. On the other hand, they are very rare. The first plate represents a front and back view of a male body and also bears the title given above. The second, consists of four front views of the trunk. The third, shows the abdominal viscera, and the fourth, the thoracic organs, the genitals, and the brain. The fifth and sixth plates are representations of the bones and the muscles, the seventh and eighth of the nerves and the blood vessels. All the plates are signed: Amé Bourdon delineavit, excudit C. P. (cum privilegio) Regis, Daniel le Bossu sculp.

The text that belonged to these plates was later republished under the title: Nouvelle description du corps humain, Paris, 1683, 12°, and the plates were also added to this edition. After Bourdon's death they were published again: Paris et Cambray, 1707, fol., but probably under a new title.

The National Institute of Health has examples of 13 of the plates on its site: Historical Anatomies of the Web.



Link to a review of Human Anatomy by
Benjamin Rifkin, Michael Ackermann & Judith Folkenberg.


Human Anatomy: From the Renaissance to the Digital Age









More references at Atlas of Human Anatomy anatomyatlases.org.



And a database of books and images from books is available at chestofbooks.com. The image shown is from Applied Anatomy: The Construction Of The Human Body", by Gwilym G. Davis. Available at Amazon.com:
Applied Anatomy: The Construction of the Human Body Considered In Relation To Its Functions, Diseases and Injuries, Eighth Edition Another edition here: Applied Anatomy. The Construction of the Human Body considered in Relation to it






Visualizing Muscles: A New Ecorché Approach to Surface Anatomy


How to Draw the Human Figure (Watson-Guptill Artist's Library)


Albinus on Anatomy

Anatomy Lessons from the Great Masters


Mutter Museum Historic Medical Photographs








An ebook called A Treatise on Muscular Action - A Physiological, Theoretic and Practical Treatise on the Utility of the Science of Muscular Action for restoring the Power of the Limbs, By John Pugh Illustrations Drawn and Engraved by Thomas Kirk is available at Figure-Drawings.com.






An ebook on Anatomy and Musculature is
Anatomy for Artists Painters and Sculptors.



Two ebooks on the exercise of muscles are from the early part of the last century from Germany"

Korper-schulung der Frau in Bildern und Merkworten (Field training of women in pictures and words) and Korper-schulung der Frau
in Bildern und Merkworten - Neue Folge.

These books are comprised of a total of nine pamphletes:

Strengthening the back muscles of women.
Strengthening the abdominal muscles of women.
Correction of Breast and expansion of the chest of the woman.
Training of the lateral trunk musculature of the woman.
Relaxation training.

Squats.
Breast Exercises of the woman.
Back bends.
Rotations of the backbone of the woman.

Jan Sluijters - Figure Paintings

Notes from the International Institute of social history:
"Jan Sluijters was long one of the most popular painters in the Netherlands. Around 1905 he and Mondrian introduced new art styles from France; one of these was luminism. Sluijters was one of the strong forces behind the Modern Kunstkring (modern art society), founded in 1911."


Link to "Young woman with veil" by Jan Sluijters.




Link to "Reclining Nude" by Jan Sluijters.

Links to more paitings: WorldVisitGuide.com.

Jan Sluijters: Schilder met verve (Dutch Edition)

Jan Sluijters, 1881-1957: Aquarellen en tekeningen (Dutch Edition)

Jan Sluijters: Naakttekeningen En Composities